Phi manualPart VComplex structures

Section 2 of 4

Chapter 18 Discourse flow

Consequence and contrast

Two discourse markers turn the next sentence in opposite directions. thelao draws something from what came before; whekai introduces a qualification or counterpoint.

Consequence: thelao

thelao presents the next sentence as a consequence or conclusion. English usually renders it as "therefore" or "consequently."

pheralu to nai. thelao ruela wirua nai.

rain PST be. CONS path wet be.

(It rained. Therefore the path is wet.)

mia to theo nela to shelomu. thelao mia so thumela.

1SG PST read COORD PST understand. CONS 1SG FUT teach.

(I read and understood. Therefore I will teach.)

shia to ma haolu. thelao lo miona to ma shelomu.

3SG PST NEG speak. CONS PL person PST NEG understand.

(They did not speak. Therefore the people did not understand.)

The marker makes the inference explicit. It does not provide a missing premise or make a weak inference stronger. A sheltered path may remain dry after rain; thelao tells the listener what connection the speaker claims.

Contrast: whekai

whekai turns to a sentence that qualifies or pushes against the preceding line of thought. English commonly uses "however," "on the other hand," or "yet."

mia to shonela. whekai mia shelomu ma nai.

1SG PST learn. CONTR 1SG understand NEG be.

(I learned. However I do not understand.)

lo miona haolu. whekai lo shia ma sheluo.

PL person speak. CONTR PL 3SG NEG listen.

(The people speak. However they do not listen.)

Where thona contrasts equals inside one sentence, whekai begins a contrasting sentence after a period. The difference is grammatical scope, not emotional weight.

Working together

The two markers can make a short line of reasoning easy to inspect:

pheralu to nai. thelao ruela wirua nai. whekai ruela selawi ma nai.

rain PST be. CONS path wet be. CONTR path slippery NEG be.

(It rained. Therefore the path is wet. However the path is not slippery.)

The second sentence claims a consequence. The third limits what may be inferred from it: wet does not necessarily mean slippery. The markers expose the route through the thought, while the speaker and listener still judge whether each step holds.