Phi texts

Translationtransmutation

nulo sano korua

the Heart Sutra

F. Max Müller's Smaller Pragñâ-pâramitâ-hridaya-sûtra begins with five gatherings. Within a few lines it counts each at zero. Form meets emptiness in both directions. The senses vanish from the inventory. Knowledge follows, then pain and the path. The last words cross to another shore.

This page gives Müller's English two Phi renderings. The close translation follows every proposition he prints. Where Müller writes "till we come to," the gap belongs to the ground truth. The transmutation turns the zero litany toward Phi's ordinary body words and makes the mantra a communal wish. Neither rendering claims to settle the Sanskrit behind this Victorian English text.

The ground truth is Müller's 1894 translation in Buddhist Mahâyâna Texts, Sacred Books of the East, volume XLIX. It is stored verbatim in texts/sources/buddhist_mahayana_texts_1894.txt, and the citations retain the scan's spellings and broken words. The citations alone carry the personal names Avalokiteshvara and Sariputra. They also carry Prajnaparamita, Nirvana, and Svaha wherever a Phi description would falsely claim equivalence.

Each block carries the Phi sentence, its word-by-word gloss, a literal English back-translation, and the source wording. The close rendering uses nulo sholu sano, deep complete knowing, for Prajnaparamita and [whu se nelu nela wea nowae thalo] miona, a revered person walking toward awakening, for the venerable Bodhisattva. They show how Phi approaches each relation; the source terms do the rest.

Close translation

Adoration and five gatherings

wei [whu theula sano] keluro.

Word-by-word gloss: DAT [REL UNIV know] honor.

Literal English: (Honor to the one who knows all.)

muller: Adoration to the Omniscient !

[whu se nelu nela wea nowae thalo] miona nulo sholu sano to thole.

Word-by-word gloss: [REL PASS revere COORD TOWARD awaken walk] person deep complete know PST practice.

Literal English: (The person who was revered and walked toward awakening practiced deep complete knowing.)

muller: The venerable Bodhisattva Avalokite^vara, per- forming his study in the deep Pra^;^aparamita (perfection of wisdom),

shia tha ta shao wi sholei nai tho to remo.

Word-by-word gloss: 3SG DECL.COMP one three-group two gather be DECL.COMP.CLOSE PST think.

Literal English: (They thought that there are five gatherings.)

muller: thought thus : ' There are the five Skandhas,

shia tha lo shia woeli kire whemoa nai tho to remo.

Word-by-word gloss: 3SG DECL.COMP PL 3SG natural shape empty be DECL.COMP.CLOSE PST think.

Literal English: (They thought that their natural form is empty.)

muller: and these he considered as by their nature empty (phenomenal).'

Form and emptiness

kona miona.

Word-by-word gloss: VOC person.

Literal English: (O person.)

muller: ' O ^'ariputra/ he said,

mua ha kire whemoa nai. whemoa ko kire nai.

Word-by-word gloss: LOC PROX shape empty be. empty FOC shape be.

Literal English: (Here form is emptiness. Emptiness indeed is form.)

muller: form here is emptiness, and emptiness indeed is form.

whemoa lue kire phirae ma nai. kire lue whemoa phirae ma nai.

Word-by-word gloss: empty ABL shape different NEG be. shape ABL empty different NEG be.

Literal English: (Emptiness is not different from form. Form is not different from emptiness.)

muller: Emptiness is not different from form, form is not different from emptiness.

[whu kire nai] whemoa nai. [whu whemoa nai] kire nai.

Word-by-word gloss: [REL shape be] empty be. [REL empty be] shape be.

Literal English: (That which is form is emptiness. That which is emptiness is form.)

muller: What is form that is emptiness, what is emptiness that is form.

morae nela nomei nela remole nela sano ha we phelu.

Word-by-word gloss: sense COORD name COORD concept COORD know PROX ALSO hold.

Literal English: (Perception, name, conception, and knowledge also hold this.)

muller: ' The same applies to perception, name, concep- tion, and knowledge.'

The character of emptiness

kona miona.

Word-by-word gloss: VOC person.

Literal English: (O person.)

muller: ' Here, O 6'ariputra,

theula thena whemoa kire phelu.

Word-by-word gloss: UNIV thing empty shape hold.

Literal English: (All things hold the shape of emptiness.)

muller: all things have the character of emptiness,

lo shia mawha thorui mawha lumae phelu.

Word-by-word gloss: PL 3SG NONE beginning NONE end hold.

Literal English: (They hold no beginning and no end.)

muller: they have no beginning, no end,

lo shia shiloa nai. lo shia we shiloa ma nai.

Word-by-word gloss: PL 3SG pure be. PL 3SG ALSO pure NEG be.

Literal English: (They are pure. They are also not pure.)

muller: they are faultless and not faultless,

lo shia sholu nai. lo shia we sholu ma nai.

Word-by-word gloss: PL 3SG complete be. PL 3SG ALSO complete NEG be.

Literal English: (They are complete. They are also not complete.)

muller: they are not imperfect and not perfect.

The litany of absence

kona miona.

Word-by-word gloss: VOC person.

Literal English: (O person.)

muller: Therefore, O .Sariputra,

thelao mua ha whemoa mu kire mu morae mu nomei mu remole mu sano nai.

Word-by-word gloss: CONS LOC PROX empty zero shape zero sense zero name zero concept zero know be.

Literal English: (Therefore, in this emptiness there is no form, no perception, no name, no conception, no knowledge.)

muller: in this emptiness there is no form, no perception, no name, no concepts, no knowledge.

mu mirae mu shonui mu nophae mu lathoe mu weloni mu remo nai.

Word-by-word gloss: zero eye zero ear zero nose zero tongue zero body zero think be.

Literal English: (No eye, no ear, no nose, no tongue, no body, no mind.)

muller: No eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, mind.

mu kire mu shonuwa mu whinu mu thorima mu palo mu thena nai.

Word-by-word gloss: zero shape zero sound zero smell zero taste zero touch zero thing be.

Literal English: (No form, no sound, no smell, no taste, no touch, no objects.)

muller: No form, sound, smell, taste, touch, objects.'

mu sano mu sano whemoa mu sano lumae mu sano whemoa lumae nai.

Word-by-word gloss: zero know zero know empty zero know end zero know empty end be.

Literal English: (No knowledge, no ignorance, no end of knowledge, no end of ignorance.)

muller: ' There is no knowledge, no ignorance, no destruc- tion of knowledge, no destruction of ignorance,'

mu serao kelu mu lumeo nai. mu serao kelu lumae mu lumeo lumae nai.

Word-by-word gloss: zero old become zero die be. zero old become end zero die end be.

Literal English: (No becoming-old, no death. No end of becoming-old, no end of death.)

muller: ' there is no decay and death, no destruction of decay and death ;

mu kipona mu kipona thorui mu kipona lumae mu kipona lumae ruela nai.

Word-by-word gloss: zero pain zero pain beginning zero pain end zero pain end path be.

Literal English: (No pain, no beginning of pain, no end of pain, no path to pain's end.)

muller: there are not (the four truths, viz. that there) is pain, origin of pain, stoppage of pain, and the path to it.

mu sano mu pilu nai.

Word-by-word gloss: zero know zero take be.

Literal English: (No knowledge, no taking.)

muller: There is no knowledge, no obtaining (of Nirva;/a).

Consciousness and fear

miona wea [whu wea nowae thalo] miona nulo sholu sano ki shua. waeli shia roa nai. shia mua ha waeli menui.

Word-by-word gloss: person TOWARD [REL TOWARD awaken walk] person deep complete know PFV come. conscious 3SG AROUND be. 3SG LOC PROX conscious dwell.

Literal English: (A person has approached the deep complete knowing of the person who walks toward awakening. Consciousness surrounds them. They dwell within this consciousness.)

muller: ' A man who has approached the Pra^;Hparamita of the Bodhisattva dwells enveloped in conscious- ness '.

lu waeli roa shia lumae se ka kelu. shia lue theula sukima ralu kelu.

Word-by-word gloss: COND conscious AROUND 3SG end PASS CAUS become. 3SG ABL UNIV fear free become.

Literal English: (When the consciousness around them is destroyed, they become free from all fear.)

muller: But when the envelopment of consciousness has been annihilated, then he becomes free of all fear,

helui shia po ma pilu. shia sholu nulo shea phaelo.

Word-by-word gloss: change 3SG POT NEG take. 3SG complete deep peace feel.

Literal English: (Change cannot take them. They feel complete deep peace.)

muller: beyond the reach of change, enjoying final Nirv^awa.

Awakening

pheo theula [whu nowae] miona mua luera nela nosa nela wireo wea nulo sholu sano to shua lo shia kau mo ko sholu sano to nowae.

Word-by-word gloss: POST UNIV [REL awaken] person LOC past COORD now COORD future TOWARD deep complete know PST come PL 3SG ALL CMPR FOC complete know PST awaken.

Literal English: (After all awakened people of the past, present, and future approached deep complete knowing, they awakened to the highest complete knowledge.)

muller: ' All Buddhas of the past, present, and future, after approaching the Pra^;7aparamita, have awoke to the highest perfect knowledge.'

The verse and the crossing

thelao miona nulo sholu sano ru welao melira na sano. ha ru nulo sano melira nai.

Word-by-word gloss: CONS person deep complete know INTS good song NEC know. PROX INTS deep know song be.

Literal English: (Therefore one must know the very good song of deep complete knowing. This is the song of very deep knowing.)

muller: ' Therefore one ought to know the great verse of the Pra^;7aparamita, the verse of the great wisdom,

mawha melira ha sheo mo welao nai. ha mawha kolo melira phelu.

Word-by-word gloss: NONE song PROX THAN CMPR good be. PROX NONE equal song hold.

Literal English: (No song is better than this one. It has no equal song.)

muller: the unsurpassed verse, the peerless verse,

ha melira theula kipona shena ka nai.

Word-by-word gloss: PROX song UNIV pain calm CAUS be.

Literal English: (This song calms all pain.)

muller: which appeases all pain

lao ha ma peshu ha shewo nai.

Word-by-word gloss: BECAUSE PROX NEG lie PROX true be.

Literal English: (Because it does not lie, it is true.)

muller: it is truth, because it is not false

ha melira mua nulo sholu sano to se shemui.

Word-by-word gloss: PROX song LOC deep complete know PST PASS utter.

Literal English: (This song was proclaimed within deep complete knowing.)

muller: the verse proclaimed in the Pra^^'/Hpara- mitd :

kona nulo sano.

Word-by-word gloss: VOC deep know.

Literal English: (O wisdom.)

muller: O wisdom,

thia ki wepu. thia ki wepu. thia kau phirae kerime ki wepu. thia mua phirae kerime ki kamo.

Word-by-word gloss: 2SG PFV go. 2SG PFV go. 2SG ALL different shore PFV go. 2SG LOC different shore PFV arrive.

Literal English: (You have gone. You have gone. You have gone to the other shore. You have arrived at the other shore.)

muller: gone, gone, gone to the other shore, landed at the other shore, Svaha !

thelao ha nulo sholu sano korua lumae nai.

Word-by-word gloss: CONS PROX deep complete know heart end be.

Literal English: (Thus this is the end of the Heart of Complete Wisdom.)

muller: Thus ends the heart of the Pra^'waparamita.

Complete translation

nulo sano korua

wei [whu theula sano] keluro. [whu se nelu nela wea nowae thalo] miona nulo sholu sano to thole. shia tha ta shao wi sholei nai tho to remo. shia tha lo shia woeli kire whemoa nai tho to remo.

kona miona. mua ha kire whemoa nai. whemoa ko kire nai. whemoa lue kire phirae ma nai. kire lue whemoa phirae ma nai. [whu kire nai] whemoa nai. [whu whemoa nai] kire nai. morae nela nomei nela remole nela sano ha we phelu.

kona miona. theula thena whemoa kire phelu. lo shia mawha thorui mawha lumae phelu. lo shia shiloa nai. lo shia we shiloa ma nai. lo shia sholu nai. lo shia we sholu ma nai.

kona miona. thelao mua ha whemoa mu kire mu morae mu nomei mu remole mu sano nai. mu mirae mu shonui mu nophae mu lathoe mu weloni mu remo nai. mu kire mu shonuwa mu whinu mu thorima mu palo mu thena nai. mu sano mu sano whemoa mu sano lumae mu sano whemoa lumae nai. mu serao kelu mu lumeo nai. mu serao kelu lumae mu lumeo lumae nai. mu kipona mu kipona thorui mu kipona lumae mu kipona lumae ruela nai. mu sano mu pilu nai.

miona wea [whu wea nowae thalo] miona nulo sholu sano ki shua. waeli shia roa nai. shia mua ha waeli menui. lu waeli roa shia lumae se ka kelu. shia lue theula sukima ralu kelu. helui shia po ma pilu. shia sholu nulo shea phaelo.

pheo theula [whu nowae] miona mua luera nela nosa nela wireo wea nulo sholu sano to shua lo shia kau mo ko sholu sano to nowae.

thelao miona nulo sholu sano ru welao melira na sano. ha ru nulo sano melira nai. mawha melira ha sheo mo welao nai. ha mawha kolo melira phelu. ha melira theula kipona shena ka nai. lao ha ma peshu ha shewo nai. ha melira mua nulo sholu sano to se shemui.

kona nulo sano. thia ki wepu. thia ki wepu. thia kau phirae kerime ki wepu. thia mua phirae kerime ki kamo. thelao ha nulo sholu sano korua lumae nai.

Translation limits

Müller wordingPhi renderingRemaining difference
Avalokiteshvara; Sariputrasemantic roles in Phi; exact names in the source linesThe names have no accepted Phi-form onyms. kona miona carries direct address but not the addressee's identity.
venerable Bodhisattva[whu se nelu nela wea nowae thalo] miona, a revered person walking toward awakeningReverence and the direction of practice survive, but the description does not carry the Sanskrit title's full doctrinal history.
Prajnaparamitanulo sholu sano, deep complete knowingThe compound renders Müller's parenthetical "perfection of wisdom" but is not a tradition-specific equivalent.
five Skandhasta shao wi sholei, five gatheringsThe count and gathered character survive; the generic event noun does not encode the Buddhist aggregate theory.
form; emptinessevent noun kire; quality noun whemoakire begins from material shape, while whemoa begins from an empty vessel. Their ordinary ranges are audible inside the equation.
phenomenalsource citation onlyMüller gives the term parenthetically, but Phi has no matching technical contrast to place in that sentence.
faultless and not faultlesspure and not pureshiloa approximates freedom from fault through purity rather than naming faultlessness directly.
not imperfect and not perfectcomplete and not completePhi has no metaphysical imperfect quality. Treating not-imperfect as completeness lets the same quality stand and then be denied.
ignorance; destructionknowledge's emptiness; caused endingPhi composes both ideas from the relation under discussion instead of turning them into independent technical roots.
the omitted eighteen elements and causal linksMüller's printed abbreviationsThe close translation does not reconstruct material absent from its English ground truth.
obtaining Nirvanano taking, with Nirvana in the source linepilu gives obtaining the shape of reception; Phi does not supply its object.
envelopment annihilatedconsciousness around the person is caused to become an endThe force of ending survives, but Phi describes the spatial relation rather than naming annihilation.
final Nirvanasholu nulo shea, complete deep peaceThe experience is stated without claiming that peace exhausts Nirvana.
Buddhas; awokepeople who awaken; nowaeThe ordinary verb names waking from sleep. Spiritual awakening is a source-guided extension rather than a separate Phi sense.
great verse; verse of great wisdoma very good melira; a song of very deep knowingmelira includes song and poem, but it does not encode ritual status. Phi states the two senses of "great" without extending physical whalo into importance.
O wisdom, gonewisdom is addressed; thia supplies the implied travelerMüller's participles have no explicit subject. Phi's finite verbs require one.
Svahasource citation onlyThe ritual form receives no invented Phi meaning.

Transmutation

The transmutation follows Müller's sequence but lets Phi's ordinary words decide what its absences feel like. mu counts the litany, remo kire turns consciousness into thought-shapes, and the mantra widens from a single implied traveler to lo mia, all of us.

The seeing

wei [whu theula sano] keluro.

Word-by-word gloss: DAT [REL UNIV know] honor.

Literal English: (Honor to the one who knows all.)

muller: Adoration to the Omniscient !

whu nulo nila nulo sano thole.

Word-by-word gloss: REL deep see deep know practice.

Literal English: (The one who sees deeply practices deep knowing.)

muller: The venerable Bodhisattva Avalokite^vara, per- forming his study in the deep Pra^;^aparamita (perfection of wisdom),

shia tha kire nela phaelo nela nomei nela remo nela sano whemoa nai tho remo.

Word-by-word gloss: 3SG DECL.COMP shape COORD feel COORD name COORD think COORD know empty be DECL.COMP.CLOSE think.

Literal English: (They think that form, feeling, name, thought, and knowledge are empty.)

muller: thought thus : ' There are the five Skandhas, and these he considered as by their nature empty (phenomenal).'

Notes. Müller opens with an invocation, and Phi answers with keluro, honor, offered to a headless relative: the one who knows all. The source citation supplies Avalokiteshvara while the Phi line describes the action, whu nulo nila, the one who sees deeply. The five bundles must stay five here. Form, feeling, name, thought, and knowledge stand together inside tha ... tho; the outer remo preserves Müller's verb "thought" without broadening the source to all things before the sutra itself does so.

The equation

kire whemoa nai. whemoa kire nai.

Word-by-word gloss: shape empty be. empty shape be.

Literal English: (Form is empty. Emptiness is form.)

muller: form here is emptiness, and emptiness indeed is form.

whemoa nela kire phirae ma nai.

Word-by-word gloss: empty COORD shape different NEG be.

Literal English: (Emptiness and form are not different.)

muller: Emptiness is not different from form, form is not different from emptiness.

[whu kire nai] whemoa nai. [whu whemoa nai] kire nai.

Word-by-word gloss: [REL shape be] empty be. [REL empty be] shape be.

Literal English: (That which is form is emptiness; that which is emptiness is form.)

muller: What is form that is emptiness, what is emptiness that is form.

phaelo nela nomei nela remo nela sano we whemoa nai.

Word-by-word gloss: feel COORD name COORD think COORD know ALSO empty be.

Literal English: (Feeling and name and thought and knowledge are also empty.)

muller: ' The same applies to perception, name, concep- tion, and knowledge.'

Notes. The most famous equation in Buddhist literature runs on two of Phi's one-way bridges meeting in the middle. kire (shape, the verb) gives its event noun, form; whemoa (empty, the adjective) gives its quality noun, emptiness; and nai holds each up to the other in both directions (the grammar-led choice). Müller then denies the difference twice, once in each direction, and Phi says it once on nela, because phirae, difference, is a relation between two things and dies for both of them together. The third sentence turns the equation into headless relatives, that-which-is-form and that-which-is-emptiness trading places. Then the other four bundles take the same seat: perception as phaelo, feeling; conception as remo, thought; each carried at the word the litany below will zero.

What emptiness is not

theula thena whemoa kire phelu.

Word-by-word gloss: UNIV thing empty shape hold.

Literal English: (All things hold the shape of emptiness.)

muller: ' Here, O 6'ariputra, all things have the character of emptiness,

lo shia mawha thorui mawha lumae phelu.

Word-by-word gloss: PL 3SG NONE beginning NONE end hold.

Literal English: (They hold no beginning and no end.)

muller: they have no beginning, no end,

lo shia shiloa nai. lo shia we shiloa ma nai.

Word-by-word gloss: PL 3SG pure be. PL 3SG ALSO pure NEG be.

Literal English: (They are pure. They are also not pure.)

muller: they are faultless and not faultless,

lo shia sholu nai. lo shia we sholu ma nai.

Word-by-word gloss: PL 3SG complete be. PL 3SG ALSO complete NEG be.

Literal English: (They are complete. They are also not complete.)

muller: they are not imperfect and not perfect.

Notes. "The character of emptiness" is whemoa kire, emptiness's shape, the same compound logic that gives the registry its thought-shapes: what all things hold is the form of holding nothing. Beginnings and ends are counted out with mawha at the nouns themselves, thorui and lumae. Then the sutra does the thing only this sutra does: it asserts a predicate and its negation and lets both stand. Phi does not flinch. Faultlessness is carried at shiloa, purity as unclouded essence; they are pure, and, we, also not pure. Müller's not-imperfect becomes completeness because Phi has no matching metaphysical quality. The next sentence denies that completeness, and we holds the contradiction open.

The zero litany

mua ha whemoa mu kire mu phaelo mu nomei mu remo mu sano nai.

Word-by-word gloss: LOC PROX empty zero shape zero feel zero name zero think zero know be.

Literal English: (In this emptiness there is no form, no feeling, no name, no thought, no knowledge.)

muller: Therefore, O .Sariputra, in this emptiness there is no form, no perception, no name, no concepts, no knowledge.

mu mirae mu shonui mu nophae mu lathoe mu weloni mu remo nai.

Word-by-word gloss: zero eye zero ear zero nose zero tongue zero body zero think be.

Literal English: (No eye, no ear, no nose, no tongue, no body, no thought.)

muller: No eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, mind.

mu kire mu shonuwa mu whinu mu thorima mu palo mu thena nai.

Word-by-word gloss: zero shape zero sound zero smell zero taste zero touch zero thing be.

Literal English: (No form, no sound, no smell, no taste, no touch, no things.)

muller: No form, sound, smell, taste, touch, objects.'

mu serao kelu mu lumeo nai. mu serao kelu lumae mu lumeo lumae nai.

Word-by-word gloss: zero old become zero die be. zero old become end zero die end be.

Literal English: (No becoming-old, no death. No end of becoming-old, no end of death.)

muller: ' there is no decay and death, no destruction of decay and death ;

mu kipona mu kipona shua mu kipona lumae mu ruela nai.

Word-by-word gloss: zero pain zero pain come zero pain end zero path be.

Literal English: (No pain, no coming of pain, no end of pain, no path.)

muller: there are not (the four truths, viz. that there) is pain, origin of pain, stoppage of pain, and the path to it.

mu sano mu pilu nai.

Word-by-word gloss: zero know zero take be.

Literal English: (No knowledge, no taking.)

muller: There is no knowledge, no obtaining (of Nirva;/a).

Notes. This is mu doing in literature what it does in arithmetic: counting absence exactly. The five bundles go first, then the six senses over the body's own inventory, then the six objects those senses reach for, shonuwa the sound, whinu the smelling, thorima the tasting, palo the touching, and last thena, things themselves. Müller's "concepts" and "mind" are both remo in Phi, thought zeroed twice, once as content and once as organ. Müller next prints knowledge, ignorance, their destruction, and then abbreviates the causal chain until decay and death. This transmutation omits the printed opening as well as the links Müller leaves under "till we come to"; knowing's absence is not held as a separate noun. Decay is serao kelu, the becoming-old, composed the way deep knowing is; the four truths are zeroed as pain, pain's coming, pain's end, and the path; and the litany closes on mu sano mu pilu, no knowledge, no taking, where even nulo sano is not exempt from its own seeing.

The one who walks

[whu nulo sano thole] mua remo kire menui.

Word-by-word gloss: [REL deep know practice] LOC think shape dwell.

Literal English: (The one who practices deep knowing dwells within thought-shapes.)

muller: ' A man who has approached the Pra^;Hparamita of the Bodhisattva dwells enveloped in conscious- ness '.

lu remo kire se leiro. shia whuo sukima thalo.

Word-by-word gloss: COND think shape PASS release. 3SG WITHOUT fear walk.

Literal English: (When the thought-shapes are released, they walk without fear.)

muller: But when the envelopment of consciousness has been annihilated, then he becomes free of all fear,

helui shia po ma pilu. shia nulo shea phaelo.

Word-by-word gloss: change 3SG POT NEG take. 3SG deep peace feel.

Literal English: (Change cannot take them. They feel the deep peace.)

muller: beyond the reach of change, enjoying final Nirv^awa.

Notes. Müller's "enveloped in consciousness" becomes remo kire, thought-shapes, the constructions within which a mind can dwell. This transmutation changes annihilation into release, se leiro, because its reading of the passage is a loosening of those shapes rather than their conquest. The walker then goes whuo sukima, without fear. Change itself, helui, cannot take them. Nirvana stays in the citation; the Phi line states the experience it can claim here, nulo shea, deep peace.

The awakened

theula [whu nowae miona] mua luera nela nosa nela wireo nulo sano to thole. lo shia kau mo ko sholu sano to nowae.

Word-by-word gloss: UNIV [REL awaken person] LOC past COORD now COORD future deep know PST practice. PL 3SG ALL CMPR FOC complete know PST awaken.

Literal English: (All awakened ones, in the past and the present and the future, practiced deep knowing. They awakened to the most complete knowledge.)

muller: ' All Buddhas of the past, present, and future, after approaching the Pra^;7aparamita, have awoke to the highest perfect knowledge.'

Notes. The Buddhas cross over the same way the bodhisattva did: not as a title but as what they are, whu nowae miona, the ones who awaken, since Buddha means exactly that and Phi says meanings. Their three times stand in one prepositional phrase, past and now and future on nela; their approach to the perfection of wisdom is this text's own equivalence, the practice of nulo sano; and the highest perfect knowledge is the superlative stacked on sholu, the most complete knowing, reached by the same verb the awakened are named with.

The going

miona nulo sano ru welao melira na sano.

Word-by-word gloss: person deep know INTS good song NEC know.

Literal English: (One must know the very good song of deep knowing.)

muller: ' Therefore one ought to know the great verse of the Pra^;7aparamita, the verse of the great wisdom,

mawha melira mo welao nai.

Word-by-word gloss: NONE song CMPR good be.

Literal English: (No song is better.)

muller: the unsurpassed verse, the peerless verse,

ha melira theula kipona leiro.

Word-by-word gloss: PROX song UNIV pain release.

Literal English: (This song releases all pain.)

muller: which appeases all pain

ha ma peshu. thelao ha shewo nai.

Word-by-word gloss: PROX NEG lie. CONS PROX true be.

Literal English: (It does not lie, and so it is true.)

muller: it is truth, because it is not false

su lo mia wepu.

Word-by-word gloss: OPT PL 1SG go.

Literal English: (May we go.)

muller: O wisdom, gone, gone,

su lo mia kau ra shuna wepu.

Word-by-word gloss: OPT PL 1SG ALL DIST edge go.

Literal English: (May we go to the far shore.)

muller: gone to the other shore,

su theula miona kau ra shuna shua.

Word-by-word gloss: OPT UNIV person ALL DIST edge come.

Literal English: (May all people come to the far shore.)

muller: landed at the other shore,

shea shua.

Word-by-word gloss: peace come.

Literal English: (Peace comes.)

muller: Svaha !

Notes. The verse is melira, a song or poem made for the voice. Calling it ru welao, very good, keeps the judgement in the source without stretching physical size into importance. No song is better, and this one releases all pain, leiro again where "appeases" would ask for a victory. Müller's connective, "the verse proclaimed in the Pragnaparamita," is carried by deixis: ha melira, this song, points at the work the first unit already named. Müller's parenthesis of truth keeps its logic and flips its order, with the reason before the conclusion: it does not lie, and so it is true. Müller renders rather than transliterates the mantra, and Phi carries it as a wish of passage. Optative su widens from us to all people, the sutra's own arc of compassion. Pāra, the far shore, is ra shuna, that edge, because the deictic can point without pretending to define a sacred term. wepu carries the going and shua the arrival. Svāhā receives the text's last two words: peace comes. The going is a wish three times, and the arrival is stated plainly, as if it had already happened. That is the sutra's promise, kept in the mood system.

Transmutation gap log

Gap log: the Omniscient → whu theula sano, the one who knows all; Avalokiteshvara → whu nulo nila, the one who sees deeply, while the name and office remain in the citation; five bundles → kire, phaelo, nomei, remo, and sano; natural and phenomenal → omitted; Sariputra → an unnamed listener; both therefore links → omitted; form → the event noun of kire; emptiness → the quality noun of whemoa; here and indeed → omitted; character of emptiness → whemoa kire; the two denials of difference → one relation on nela; faultless and not faultless → shiloa asserted and denied; not imperfect and not perfect → completeness asserted and denied; mind → remo; sense objects → sound, smell, taste, touch, and thing; the eighteen elements → omitted with Müller's "till we come to" abbreviation; knowledge, ignorance, and their destruction → omitted by the transmutation before Müller's causal-chain abbreviation; decay → serao kelu; four truths → pain, its coming, its end, and the path; obtaining → pilu; enveloped in consciousness → dwelling within remo kire; annihilated → released; Nirvana → nulo shea, deep peace, with the source term retained beside it; Buddhas → people who awaken; highest perfect knowledge → mo ko sholu sano; verse → melira, song or poem; great → ru welao, very good; peerless → folded into no song being better; proclamation within Prajnaparamita → deixis on ha melira; O wisdom → omitted as a direct address; mantra → an optative passage toward ra shuna, the far shore; svāhā → shea shua, peace comes; wisdom → nulo sano; colophon → answered by the title nulo sano korua. New words coined: none.

What changes between the two renderings

Both renderings put form and emptiness face to face. After that equation, their obligations pull apart. The close translation follows Müller's printed terms through contradiction, annihilation, ranked verse, and a traveler who has already crossed. The transmutation asks what those movements become when Phi treats emptiness as an ordinary quality, release as an answer to mental enclosure, and passage as a wish shared with others.

MomentClose translationTransmutationWhy they diverge
source identitiesMüller's lines supply Avalokiteshvara and Sariputra. Phi describes a Bodhisattva as a person walking toward awakening and marks Sariputra's address with kona miona.Avalokiteshvara becomes the one who sees deeply. Sariputra disappears.Translation carries the social acts while respecting the source-name boundary. Transmutation needs the seeing relation more than either identity.
five Skandhasta shao wi sholei states five gatherings before the later list.Five Phi words appear without an explicit count or aggregate description.Translation owes the numbered category to Müller. Transmutation moves straight to the experiences it will empty.
form and emptinessThe source's "here" and "indeed" survive, and each direction of non-difference gets a sentence.The equation is bare, and one relational sentence replaces the two denials.Translation retains rhetorical pressure as well as the proposition. Transmutation lets Phi's symmetric relation do the repetition's work.
knowledge and ignoranceKnowledge, ignorance, and the end of each appear before Müller's causal-chain abbreviation.All four printed terms are omitted along with the unprinted middle of the chain.The distinction is source content. Translation composes ignorance as knowledge's emptiness; transmutation does not interrupt its body-centered litany to explain that composition.
consciousnessConsciousness surrounds a person, and its surrounding is caused to end.The person dwells in thought-shapes, which are released.The close version follows Müller's enclosure and annihilation. Transmutation reads the same turn as loosening a construction of thought.
freedom and NirvanaThe person becomes ralu, free from fear, and feels complete deep peace beyond change.The person walks without fear and feels deep peace.Translation restores the explicit state of freedom and Müller's finality. Both leave Nirvana itself in the source line.
verseA melira, song or poem, receives both rank claims, calms all pain, and is proclaimed within complete knowing.The same noun receives one rank claim and releases pain. The proclamation relation is left to deixis.Translation accounts for each epithet and the place of proclamation. Transmutation hears a performed song and lets fewer claims carry it.
crossingWisdom is addressed as thia; it goes three times and arrives at the other kerime, shore. Svaha appears only in Müller's line.lo mia, we, receive two optative wishes, then all people arrive and peace comes.Müller's traveler has no stated subject. Translation assigns it to the addressee; transmutation changes the mantra into collective aspiration and gives Svaha a peaceful answer.
colophonA final sentence identifies the end of the Heart of Complete Wisdom.The title answers the colophon, and the spoken text ends at peace.Translation follows the source past the mantra. Transmutation chooses the mantra's last image as its door.

Solarpunk values

The close translation does not turn the sutra into a program for collective life. One figure studies, another is addressed, and a traveler crosses. The transmutation changes the scale at its last moment: lo mia go together, then the wish opens to everyone. That is Phi's communal reading, not a social claim hidden in Müller's source.

Secular Buddhist philosophy

The close version exposes the difficulty instead of explaining it away. Form is emptiness, purity is asserted and denied, knowledge and ignorance both reach zero, and even obtaining disappears. The transmutation places the same pressure on words a learner already knows from bowls, bodies, thought, and peace. Its psychology is easier to inhabit, but it has moved away from several distinctions in the text.

Art Nouveau aesthetics

The equation works like positive and negative space cut from one surface. Translation traces both edges: form into emptiness, emptiness into form, then each denial of difference. Transmutation joins the pair once with nela. Later, the close rendering reaches a literal shore while the transmutation follows the longer curve from solitary thought into a shared crossing.

Peace linguistics

The close translation speaks annihilation and fear aloud. It also speaks pain and the verse's claims of superiority. A peaceful language would falsify the source if it quietly changed destruction into comfort. Transmutation makes its ethical change openly: thought-shapes and pain are released, then Svaha becomes the arrival of peace. The labels show which promises belong to Müller and which belong to Phi.

Pre-industrial wisdom

The passage is remembered in the mouth. Close translation calls the verse a pattern of words and repeats each going, so a reciter can feel its structure without a borrowed technical noun. Transmutation calls it singing and gives its end to a group voice. One reaches the shore named by the source; the other becomes a song people could carry on the road there.

Close translation arrives with the traveler Müller leaves unnamed. Transmutation turns back, gathers company, and sets out again.