Phi practice Complementizers and embedded clauses in Phi

Reading 9 of 10

Part 8

Exercises

Practice is where the counting becomes reflex. Work through each exercise type in order; an answer key follows. When your answer differs from the key only in wording, check the boundaries first: the opener, the closer, and how much each one holds.

Part ATranslation (English to Phi)

Translate each sentence into Phi. Use the complementizers as indicated.

Declarative (tha/tho)

  1. I know that the sun is beautiful.
  2. They believe that rain will come.
  3. You feel that the story is true.
  4. The friend said that I helped.
  5. We understand that they left.
  6. She thinks that you are well.
  7. I do not know that the friend arrived.
  8. They said that the book is good.

Interrogative (pha/pho)

  1. I wonder whether they are well.
  2. She asked whether you saw.
  3. We do not know whether rain will come.
  4. They wonder whether the friend will return.
  5. Do you know whether the story is true?
  6. They asked whether I had helped.
  7. I don't care whether the story is beautiful.

Quotative (sha/sho)

  1. They said: "I am leaving."
  2. The friend said: "The sun is beautiful."
  3. She asked: "Are you well?"
  4. I said: "I will return."
  5. They announced: "We are here."

Part BTranslation (Phi to English)

Translate each Phi sentence into natural English.

  1. mia tha melu towe nai tho sano
  1. shia pha pheralu so shua pho phaelo
  1. thia sha mia so turema sho to haolu
  1. lo mia tha shia to naphe tho shelomu
  1. mia pha nophi shewo nai pho ma sano
  1. shia tha mia tha thia towe nai tho phaelo tho to haolu
  1. melu sha wa thia wepu sho to thilou
  1. mia tha shia tha pheralu so shua tho nohero tho sano
  1. wa thia pha shia so turema pho phaelo
  1. shia sha mia thia lothea sho to haolu

Part CError Correction

Each sentence contains an error. Find and correct it.

  1. *mia tha shia to wepu shelomu
  1. *mia pha shia to wepu pha phaelo
  1. *shia sha mia wepu haolu
  1. *whu nophi kealo tho miona
  1. *mia shelomu tha shia to wepu tho
  1. *mia tha shia towe tho sano
  1. *mia pha wa shia to wepu pho phaelo
  1. *thia tha shia to wepu tho pha mia so turema pho sano tho phaelo
  1. *shia sho mia wepu sha haolu
  1. *mia tha shia wepu tho nohero tho

Part DGap Fill

Complete each sentence with the appropriate complementizer(s).

  1. mia _____ shia to wepu _____ shelomu (I understand that they left.)
  1. shia _____ mia so turema _____ to haolu (They said: "I will return.")
  1. mia _____ pheralu so shua _____ phaelo (I wonder whether rain will come.)
  1. thia _____ melu towe nai _____ sano (You know that the friend is well.)
  1. _____ nophi kealo miona (the person who creates stories)
  1. lo mia _____ shia _____ melu to naphe _____ sano _____ phaelo (We feel that they know that the friend helped.)
  1. shia _____ wa thia wepu _____ to thilou (They asked: "Are you leaving?")
  1. mia _____ thia _____ shia towe nai _____ phaelo _____ shelomu (I understand that you feel that they are well.)

Part ETransformation

Transform each pair of sentences into a single sentence with embedding.

  1. They are well. I know this. → I know that they are well.
  1. Will rain come? I wonder about this. → ____
  1. "I am leaving." They said this. → ____
  1. The friend helped. They believe this. → ____
  1. Is the story true? We don't know. → ____
  1. "Are you well?" She asked this. → ____
  1. You feel something. They are happy. (They are happy is what you feel.) → ____
  1. I know something. You wonder something. Will they return? (nested) → ____

Part FIdentify the Type

For each sentence, identify which complementizer type is used and what it embeds.

  1. mia tha sileta mioru nai tho nila Type: _____ Embeds: _____
  1. shia pha melu so turema pho phaelo Type: _____ Embeds: _____
  1. thia sha mia towe nai sho haolu Type: _____ Embeds: _____
  1. whu mia to nila shelu Type: _____ Embeds: _____

07Part G: Free Production

Write Phi sentences for each prompt. Use appropriate complementizers.

  1. Express something you know to be true.
  1. Express uncertainty about whether a friend will come.
  1. Quote something someone said to you today (real or imagined).
  1. Express what you believe another person feels.
  1. Describe a person using a relative clause, where that description involves something they know or believe.

Check your workAnswer key

AnswersPart A: Translation (English to Phi)

  1. mia tha sileta mioru nai tho sano1SG DECL.COMP sun beautiful be DECL.COMP.CLOSE know
  1. shia tha pheralu so shua tho nohero3SG DECL.COMP rain FUT come DECL.COMP.CLOSE believe
  1. thia tha nophi shewo nai tho phaelo2SG DECL.COMP story true be DECL.COMP.CLOSE feel
  1. melu tha mia to naphe tho to haolufriend DECL.COMP 1SG PST help DECL.COMP.CLOSE PST speak
  1. lo mia tha shia to wepu tho shelomuPL 1SG DECL.COMP 3SG PST go DECL.COMP.CLOSE understand
  1. shia tha thia towe nai tho remo3SG DECL.COMP 2SG well be DECL.COMP.CLOSE think
  1. mia tha melu to kamo tho ma sano1SG DECL.COMP friend PST arrive DECL.COMP.CLOSE NEG know
  1. shia tha shelu welao nai tho to haolu3SG DECL.COMP book good be DECL.COMP.CLOSE PST speak
  1. mia pha shia towe nai pho phaelo1SG INT.COMP 3SG well be INT.COMP.CLOSE feel
  1. shia pha thia to nila pho to thilou3SG INT.COMP 2SG PST see INT.COMP.CLOSE PST inquire
  1. lo mia pha pheralu so shua pho ma sanoPL 1SG INT.COMP rain FUT come INT.COMP.CLOSE NEG know
  1. shia pha melu so turema pho phaelo3SG INT.COMP friend FUT return INT.COMP.CLOSE feel
  1. wa thia pha nophi shewo nai pho sanoQ 2SG INT.COMP story true be INT.COMP.CLOSE know
  1. lo shia pha mia to naphe pho to thilouPL 3SG INT.COMP 1SG PST help INT.COMP.CLOSE PST inquire
  1. mia pha nophi mioru nai pho ma phaelo1SG INT.COMP story beautiful be INT.COMP.CLOSE NEG feel
  1. shia sha mia wepu sho to haolu3SG QUOT.COMP 1SG go QUOT.COMP.CLOSE PST speak
  1. melu sha sileta mioru nai sho to haolufriend QUOT.COMP sun beautiful be QUOT.COMP.CLOSE PST speak
  1. shia sha wa thia towe nai sho to thilou3SG QUOT.COMP Q 2SG well be QUOT.COMP.CLOSE PST inquire
  1. mia sha mia so turema sho to haolu1SG QUOT.COMP 1SG FUT return QUOT.COMP.CLOSE PST speak
  1. shia sha lo mia ha nai sho to haolu3SG QUOT.COMP PL 1SG PROX be QUOT.COMP.CLOSE PST speak

AnswersPart B: Translation (Phi to English)

  1. I know that the friend is well.
  1. They wonder whether rain will come.
  1. You said: "I will return."
  1. We understand that they helped.
  1. I do not know whether the story is true.
  1. They said that I feel that you are well.
  1. The friend asked: "Are you leaving?"
  1. I know that they believe that rain will come.
  1. Do you wonder whether they will return?
  1. They said: "I love you."

AnswersPart C: Error Correction

  1. mia tha shia to wepu tho shelomu (Missing tho)
  1. mia pha shia to wepu pho phaelo (Changed second pha to pho)
  1. shia sha mia wepu sho haolu (Missing sho)
  1. whu nophi kealo miona (Removed the borrowed tho: whu has no closer)
  1. mia tha shia to wepu tho shelomu (Reordered: embedded clause before main verb)
  1. mia tha shia towe nai tho sano (Added nai: copula required)
  1. mia pha shia to wepu pho phaelo (Removed wa: redundant inside pha/pho)
  1. thia tha shia to wepu tho sano nela mia pha mia so turema pho phaelo (Simplified: nesting was malformed)
  1. shia sha mia wepu sho haolu (Reversed sha and sho order)
  1. mia tha shia to wepu tho nohero (Removed extra tho: only one closer per opener)

AnswersPart D: Gap Fill

  1. mia tha shia to wepu tho shelomu
  1. shia sha mia so turema sho to haolu
  1. mia pha pheralu so shua pho phaelo
  1. thia tha melu towe nai tho sano
  1. whu nophi kealo miona
  1. lo mia tha shia tha melu to naphe tho sano tho phaelo
  1. shia sha wa thia wepu sho to thilou
  1. mia tha thia tha shia towe nai tho phaelo tho shelomu

AnswersPart E: Transformation

  1. mia pha pheralu so shua pho phaelo I wonder whether rain will come.
  1. shia sha mia wepu sho to haolu They said: "I am leaving."
  1. shia tha melu to naphe tho nohero They believe that the friend helped.
  1. lo mia pha nophi shewo nai pho ma sano We don't know whether the story is true.
  1. shia sha wa thia towe nai sho to thilou She asked: "Are you well?"
  1. thia tha shia loshi nai tho phaelo You feel that they are happy.
  1. mia tha thia pha shia so turema pho phaelo tho sano I know that you wonder whether they will return.

AnswersPart F: Identify the Type

  1. Type: Declarative (tha/tho) Embeds: a statement (that the sun is beautiful)
  1. Type: Interrogative (pha/pho) Embeds: a question (whether the friend will return)
  1. Type: Quotative (sha/sho) Embeds: exact words ("I am well")
  1. Type: Relative (whu) Embeds: a description of the book (that I saw)

AnswersPart G: Free Production

(Sample answers, many correct answers possible)

  1. mia tha sileta ro shua tho sano I know that the sun regularly comes.
  1. mia pha melu so shua pho phaelo I wonder whether the friend will come.
  1. melu sha mia thia nila sho to haolu The friend said: "I see you."
  1. mia tha thia tha shia loshi nai tho phaelo tho nohero I believe that you feel that they are happy.
  1. whu tha melu towe nai tho sano miona mioru nai The person who knows that the friend is well is beautiful.