Phi pamphlets — Appendix: the complete inventory

Phi has thirty-eight particles. They are one part of its grammar, gathered here by scope.

ReferenceSlot 0: utterance frame

Particle	Gloss	Function
`wa`	Q	marks a yes/no question
`no`	IMP	marks a directive, interpreted in context as a request or command
`lu`	COND	marks a realis condition; the consequence follows as its own sentence
`he`	IRR	follows `lu` to make an irrealis or counterfactual condition
`su`	OPT	marks a wish, hope, blessing, or prayer
`pi`	POL	marks a polite stance

The documented combined forms are pi wa, pi no, and lu he. Other multiple Slot 0 sequences are not licensed. kona is an extra-clausal vocative, not a particle.

ReferenceSlot 1: verb phrase

Tense > Aspect > Voice > Evidentiality > Modality > Negation

Rank	Particle	Gloss	Function
tense	`to`	PST	past; present is unmarked
tense	`so`	FUT	future
aspect	`ki`	PFV	complete at the reference time
aspect	`si`	IPFV	ongoing or in progress
aspect	`pa`	INCH	beginning
aspect	`te`	CESS	ending
aspect	`ro`	HAB	recurring or characteristic pattern
voice	`se`	PASS	patient as subject, actor unstated
voice	`ka`	CAUS	causer added, original actor placed in the object sequence
evidentiality	`hi`	DIR	direct perception claimed as source
evidentiality	`ke`	INFER	inference from case-specific evidence claimed as source
evidentiality	`ti`	REP	a received report claimed as source
evidentiality	`ho`	ASSUM	assumption or supposition claimed as source
modality	`po`	POT	possibility or ability; `po ma` means cannot
modality	`na`	NEC	necessity or obligation; `na ma` means must not
negation	`ma`	NEG	negates the verb phrase and follows every other rank

Each rank permits one particle. The sole same-rank pair is se ka, in that order. ka ma denies causation without asserting or denying the caused event. Need not takes the corresponding freedom construction, such as thia lila wepu ralu nai.

ReferenceSlot 2: constituent

we / li > ha / ra > lo / numeral > ko > degree > word

Particle	Gloss	Function
`we`	ALSO	adds a constituent to what discourse has established
`li`	RESTR	restricts identity, not quantity
`ha`	PROX	marks proximal reference; with `nai`, may predicate here
`ra`	DIST	marks distal reference; with `nai`, may predicate there
`lo`	PL	marks unquantified plurality; replaced by a numeral or quantifier
`nu`	ORD	makes the following numeral ordinal
`ko`	FOC	selects a constituent for contrast or correction
`ru`	INTS	raises the degree of the following word, noun included
`la`	ATTEN	lowers that same degree
`pe`	SUFF	the degree meets what the situation asks
`wo`	EXC	the degree passes what the situation can take
`mo`	CMPR	compares: degree with a quality, amount with a countable noun; `mo ko` forms a superlative
`ne`	NAME	introduces a name atom
`sa`	HON.RESPECT	marks respect toward a named bearer
`ni`	HON.INTIM	marks personal closeness toward a named bearer
`le`	HON.ROLE	marks regard for a named bearer's community role

we and li do not stack on one phrase. The local fixed orders are mo ko, nu before its numeral, and ne before an honorific.

ReferenceNarrow readings of absence

No Slot 0 particle gives an ordinary declarative assertion.
No tense particle gives present time.
No aspect particle selects an aspectual view.
No evidential names a source.
No modal marks possibility, ability, necessity, or obligation.
No ma leaves the predicate affirmative rather than negated.
No degree particle leaves a quality at its plain strength.

ReferenceWorking sentence template

[Slot 0] [Subject] [Adjuncts] [Slot 2 + Object] [Slot 1] [Manner] [Verb]

Every modifier precedes what it modifies. Empty positions disappear; the remaining elements keep their relative order.

ReferenceCross-references

Manual chapter 9 introduces the whole system and combines the three scopes.
Manual chapter 14 develops tense and aspect.
Manual chapter 15 develops passive voice, causative voice, modality, and negation.
Manual chapter 16 develops evidentiality.
The evidentiality, naming, and spoken-punctuation pamphlets provide extended practice in their respective areas.
python3 scripts/validate_examples.py --paths pamphlets/three_slots --show-warnings checks examples, particle order, and one-per-rank structure.